As China becomes a party to the Rotterdam Convention, independent innovation in pesticides has again become the focus of attention in the industry. From the current point of view, the core competitiveness of China's pesticide industry is in a "creative" word.
Innovation has achieved small achievements China's pesticide industry is relying on imitation of foreign products from scratch gradually developed and expanded, although the imitation of invasive, creating a combination of imitation, but the lack of varieties with independent intellectual property rights. During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, the state invested in the establishment of six bases for the North-South Pesticide Creation Center, which made China's pesticide creation work on the official track. At present, China's pesticide innovation capability has greatly improved, the compound synthesis capacity has been 20,000 per year, the screening capacity of compounds (including strains) has reached 30,000 per year, and a large number of compounds with good biological activity are in different research and development. At the stage, 21 new pesticides (original medicines) with independent intellectual property rights have acquired temporary registration of pesticides and become the first batch of pesticide products in China, ending the situation in which China has long relied on imitation of foreign pesticides.
Among them, the fluoromorpholine developed by Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry in 1999 was the first fluorine-containing fungicide with independent intellectual property rights in China, and its overall performance has reached the international advanced level. It is also the most significant economic and social benefit in creating pesticide varieties. The products have applied for multinational patents such as China, the United States and Europe and have been authorized. The compound structure of the bactericide SYP-Z048 developed by Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry belongs to the original innovation, and its control effect on various vegetables and fruit gray mold is better than other products on the market.
Insufficient investment in R&D The creation of pesticides has the characteristics of long period, high investment, high risk and high returns. International large-scale and super-large-scale pesticide companies take about 10% of their annual sales as research and development expenses. The new products created by them have brought huge profits and formed a virtuous circle. For example, Bayer's R&D investment in chemical pesticides reached $700 million in 2004. China's pesticide companies are generally small in scale, and fierce market competition makes the company's profits lower, and investment in technological innovation is generally insufficient. China's annual pesticide research and development costs only 15 million to 20 million yuan.
According to statistics, foreign companies create a new pesticide to synthesize 20,000-50,000 compounds at a cost of 200 million U.S. dollars, which lasted 8 to 10 years. This process requires chemical and chemical processes such as molecular structure design, compound synthesis and optimization, and process research, indoor biological activity testing, field plot testing, field efficacy trials, field promotion testing, hygienic toxicological evaluation, and environmental toxicology evaluation. Risk assessment and other links. Although China currently uses pesticides in analog form to create pesticides, the amount of synthetic compounds and the amount of funds required will be less, but it will take at least eight years. The cruelest reason is that due to the efficacy, toxicity, residues, and economic reasons, the study may also be abortive. Therefore, for such a time-consuming and labor-intensive area with great risks, domestic enterprises need enough courage and strength to get involved.
Opportunities and Challenges coexist In order to attract enterprises to participate in the creation of pesticides, the National Science and Technology Research Project “Key Technology Development for New Pesticide Creation and Research and Industrialization†has clearly stipulated that all pilot projects and industrialization projects for creation products must be designated by pesticide companies. Take the lead, jointly developed by companies and research institutes. Since pilot or industrialized projects have already undergone a large number of preliminary basic researches, the object of control, mechanism of action, and toxicology data of compounds have been basically understood, and the risks are relatively small. Some powerful enterprises have already participated in the creation of pesticides. Such as Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Co., Ltd., Nantong Jiangshan Pesticide Chemicals Co., Ltd. and so on.
The formal entry into force of the Rotterdam Convention will further speed up the structural adjustment of pesticide products in China, accelerate the creation of new types of highly efficient, low-toxicity, environmentally friendly varieties and substitute highly toxic pesticides. At the same time, as people's awareness of environmental protection increases, the demand for pesticides will increase, and the difficulty in creating pesticides will increase.
Innovation has achieved small achievements China's pesticide industry is relying on imitation of foreign products from scratch gradually developed and expanded, although the imitation of invasive, creating a combination of imitation, but the lack of varieties with independent intellectual property rights. During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, the state invested in the establishment of six bases for the North-South Pesticide Creation Center, which made China's pesticide creation work on the official track. At present, China's pesticide innovation capability has greatly improved, the compound synthesis capacity has been 20,000 per year, the screening capacity of compounds (including strains) has reached 30,000 per year, and a large number of compounds with good biological activity are in different research and development. At the stage, 21 new pesticides (original medicines) with independent intellectual property rights have acquired temporary registration of pesticides and become the first batch of pesticide products in China, ending the situation in which China has long relied on imitation of foreign pesticides.
Among them, the fluoromorpholine developed by Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry in 1999 was the first fluorine-containing fungicide with independent intellectual property rights in China, and its overall performance has reached the international advanced level. It is also the most significant economic and social benefit in creating pesticide varieties. The products have applied for multinational patents such as China, the United States and Europe and have been authorized. The compound structure of the bactericide SYP-Z048 developed by Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry belongs to the original innovation, and its control effect on various vegetables and fruit gray mold is better than other products on the market.
Insufficient investment in R&D The creation of pesticides has the characteristics of long period, high investment, high risk and high returns. International large-scale and super-large-scale pesticide companies take about 10% of their annual sales as research and development expenses. The new products created by them have brought huge profits and formed a virtuous circle. For example, Bayer's R&D investment in chemical pesticides reached $700 million in 2004. China's pesticide companies are generally small in scale, and fierce market competition makes the company's profits lower, and investment in technological innovation is generally insufficient. China's annual pesticide research and development costs only 15 million to 20 million yuan.
According to statistics, foreign companies create a new pesticide to synthesize 20,000-50,000 compounds at a cost of 200 million U.S. dollars, which lasted 8 to 10 years. This process requires chemical and chemical processes such as molecular structure design, compound synthesis and optimization, and process research, indoor biological activity testing, field plot testing, field efficacy trials, field promotion testing, hygienic toxicological evaluation, and environmental toxicology evaluation. Risk assessment and other links. Although China currently uses pesticides in analog form to create pesticides, the amount of synthetic compounds and the amount of funds required will be less, but it will take at least eight years. The cruelest reason is that due to the efficacy, toxicity, residues, and economic reasons, the study may also be abortive. Therefore, for such a time-consuming and labor-intensive area with great risks, domestic enterprises need enough courage and strength to get involved.
Opportunities and Challenges coexist In order to attract enterprises to participate in the creation of pesticides, the National Science and Technology Research Project “Key Technology Development for New Pesticide Creation and Research and Industrialization†has clearly stipulated that all pilot projects and industrialization projects for creation products must be designated by pesticide companies. Take the lead, jointly developed by companies and research institutes. Since pilot or industrialized projects have already undergone a large number of preliminary basic researches, the object of control, mechanism of action, and toxicology data of compounds have been basically understood, and the risks are relatively small. Some powerful enterprises have already participated in the creation of pesticides. Such as Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Co., Ltd., Nantong Jiangshan Pesticide Chemicals Co., Ltd. and so on.
The formal entry into force of the Rotterdam Convention will further speed up the structural adjustment of pesticide products in China, accelerate the creation of new types of highly efficient, low-toxicity, environmentally friendly varieties and substitute highly toxic pesticides. At the same time, as people's awareness of environmental protection increases, the demand for pesticides will increase, and the difficulty in creating pesticides will increase.
Thrust Ball Bearings are manufactured as single direction or double direction thrust ball bearings. They are designed to accommodate axial loads only and must not be subjected to any radial load.
Bearing features
Separable and interchangeable
The separable components of thrust ball bearings are interchangeable . This facilitates mounting and dismounting, as well as maintenance inspections.
Initial misalignment
Bearings with sphered housing washer(s) can accommodate initial misalignment.
Interference fit
Shaft washers have a ground bore to enable an interference fit. The bore of the housing washer is turned and always larger than the shaft washer bore.
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