Classification of rare earths
1) Light rare earth (also known as 铈 group): 镧 , 铈, 镨 , é’• , é’·, é’ , é“• , é’† .
2) Heavy rare earth (also known as é’‡ group): 铽 , é• , é’¬ , é“’ , é“¥ , 镱 , é•¥ , é’ª , é’‡.
The difference between the 铈 group and the 钇 group is because the rare earth mixture obtained by separation of minerals is often named after the ratio of lanthanum or cerium.
Rare earth metals (rare earth metals), also known as a rare earth element, is a general term for a group â…¢B periodic table scandium, yttrium, lanthanides 17 elements, commonly represented by R or RE. Their names and chemical symbols are é’ª (Sc), é’‡ (Y), 镧 (La), 铈 (Ce), 镨 (Pr), é’• (Nd), é’· (Pm), é’ (Sm), é“• (Eu ), Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu. Their atomic numbers are 21 (Sc), 39 (Y), 57 (La) to 71 (Lu).
é“¥ (Tm) é“¥ element was discovered in 1879 by Cliff of Sweden and named after the old name of Scandinavia, Thule. î´
The main uses of é“¥ are as follows:
(1) é“¥ is used as a source of medical portable X-ray machine. After irradiation in a nuclear reactor, an X-ray isotope can be generated, which can be used to manufacture a portable blood irradiator. It is converted into é“¥-170 by the action of a high neutron beam, which emits X-rays to illuminate the blood and lowers white blood cells. It is these white blood cells that cause organ transplant rejection, thereby reducing the early rejection of organs.
(2) The strontium element can also be used for clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors because it has a higher affinity for tumor tissues, and heavy rare earths have greater affinity than light rare earths, especially with the highest affinity of strontium elements.
(3) The activator LaOBr:Br (blue) is used as an activator in the phosphor for X-ray intensifying screen to enhance the optical sensitivity, thus reducing the X-ray exposure and harm to humans, and the previous calcium tungstate intensifying screen. This can reduce the X-ray dose by 50%, which has important practical significance in medical applications.
(4) é“¥ can also be used as an additive in new lighting source metal halide lamps.
(5) Tm 3 + can be added into the glass to form a rare earth glass laser material, which is the solid laser material with the largest output pulse volume and the highest output power. Tm 3 + can also be used as an activating ion for rare earth upconversion laser materials.
Metal enamel
Antimony ingot
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